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走出英语倍数理解与翻译的误区
2011-08-25 23:04:12 来源: 作者: 浏览: 次
摘要:长期以来在翻译实践中一直存在着对英语倍数的误解。英语中表示倍数的结构大致可分为两大类:be N times和increase N times, be N times结构可分为三种形式:A is N times as large ( much等等)as B, A is N times larger (more等等)than B和A is larger ( more等等)than B by N times。三者均表达A是B的N倍,即A = B x No increase N times结构亦可分为三种形式:increase N times,increase to N times和increase by N times,三者涵义完全相同。
关键词:英语倍数;翻译 英语中表示倍数的结构可分为两大类:be N times和increase N times。长期以来,对其理解与翻译存在不少误解。如《大学英语语法》(华东理工大学出版社,1998)第44页举例:The cotton output was four times greater than that of 1996.其译文为“棉花产量比1996 年增产4倍”(是19%年的5倍)。这显然是错误的。这抑或是因该书作者对倍数缺乏了解所致,或其“所引”例证存在自编自造现象。在第55页中对increase by N times的叙述存在同样的错误。本文旨在通过引用真实例证阐述英语倍数的正确理解及译法,以消除存在的误解。(本文例证均选自Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Encurta Encyclopedia 2002,Redmond:Microsoft Corporation,2001.) I. be N times结构可分为三种形式: 第一种结构是A is N times as large(much等等)as B o 这种结构产生误解的概率不高。它表示:A为B的N倍。
如: The Sun's radius(the distance from its center to its surface)is 695,508 km(432,169 mi),迎」鱼ies as large- as Earth's radius. 正确的译文应是:太阳的半径为695 508公里(432 169英里),是地球半径的109倍。 在该书的另一处提到: The inner core is solid and has a radius of 1 ,300 km(800 mi).(Compare this radius to 收稿日期:2002一to一is 作者简介:李长生(190一),男,江苏高淳人,南京大学大学外语部副教授 the radius of the Earth,at 6,371 km/3,960 mi.)The outer core is fluid and is 2,300 km (1 ,400 mi) thick. S-waves cannot travel through the outer core.
由划线部分可知:地球的半径为6371公里。 由于695508的确是6371的109倍,因此,A is N times as large (much等等)as B表示A为B的N倍。 第二种结构是A is N times larger(more等等)than B o 这种结构产生误解的概率很高。许多人将其字面误解为:A比B大N倍。其实,A is N times larger ( more等等)than B表示的倍数概念与第一种结构A is N times as large ( much等等)as B完全相同。如: These blue supergiants may have surface temperatures in excess of 30,000 0 C— more than five times hotter than the surface of the sun. 可译为:这些超巨星的表面温度可达到30000摄氏度以上。而在另一处: A star's color depends on its temperature. Betelgeuse,a reddish star, is cool— only 3,0000C at the surface. Our sun is an average yellowish star with a temperature of 5,5000C. 由此可知正确的译文应为:我们的太阳的温度为5500摄氏度。也就是说:超巨星的温度30000为5500的5倍多。 由此可知:A is N times larger (more等等)than B表示:A是B的N倍,而不是A比B 大N倍。
第三种结构是A is larger ( more等等)than B by N times o 这种结构产生误解的概率很高。其实,A is larger (more等等)than B by N times是A is N times larger (more等等)than B的变体,因此,表达的倍数概念和A is N times as large ( much等等)as B也是一样的。请看下列例证: Mercury weighs more than water by about 14 times. 我们知道:汞的比重为13.59,水的比重为1。由此可知,正确的译文应该是:汞的比重大约是水的14倍。 由以上分析可得知:无论是A Is N times as large (much等等)as B,还是A is N times larger(more等等)than B,或是A is larger ( more等等)than B by N times,均表示A是B 的N倍。这也是最不会引起中文读者误解的一种译法。当然,也可表达为:A比B大N- 1倍。但作者认为,这种译法易引起误解,应小心使用。 值得一提的是下列结构: Jupiter orbits the Sun at an average distance of 780 million km (484 million mi ),which is about five times the distance from Earth to the Sun. 在另一处我们见到: From Earth the Sun looks small,because it is far away. Its average distance from Earth is 150 million km (93 million mi ).Light from the Sun takes about eight minutes to reach Earth. 这样的结构也是A is N times as large ( much等等)as B的变体。可以在times后面加上as large ( much等等)as,变成:is about five times as much as the distance from Earth to the nun.也就是说:……(这一平均距离)大约是地球到太阳距离的5倍。注意原文中的 112 780 million大约是原文150 million的5倍。
而下列例证中,12 937 926为968 470的13倍多: Florida's population in 1990 was 12,937,926,more than 13 times the size of its 1920 pop- ulation of 968,470. 应译为:1990年佛罗里达州的人口为12937926,是1920年人口968470的13倍多。 1I. increase N times结构亦可分为三种形式: 第一种结构是increase N times, 这种结构产生误解的概率很高。它表示的不是“增加N倍”,而是“增加N一1倍”或 “增加到以前的N倍”。如: The iron and steel production would be increased roughly eight times. That is,as against production in 1958 of 500,000 metric tons of pig iron and 410,000 metric tons of steel,the program's target is 4,000,000 metric tons of pig iron and 3 , 000,000 to 3 , 500,000 metric tons of steel. 该句中,4000000和3 000 000 to 3 500 000分别是500000和410000的8倍。用了 increase,但实际表达的倍数关系与be N times一致。用“增加”二字翻译,必须小心,否则很容易将倍数关系表达错了。
可译为:一钢铁产量将大约增加7倍。或译为:……钢铁产量将大约增加到以前的8倍( increase N times结构有时有些变体:increase Nfold或N fold。倍数关系相同: Cigarette smoking(auses bronchitis,and increases sixfold the risk of dying from it and emphysema. 可译为:抽烟会引发气管炎,使死于气管炎和气肿的概率增加5倍。 In sports physiology many if not most of the bodily systems are stressed nearly to their ulti- mate limits. For instance,muscle blood flow increases as much as 25 fold,total body oxygen consumption increases as much as 20 fold,body heat production as much as 20 fold,and cardi- ac output as much as 6 fold. 可译为:……比如,肌血流量增加24倍」或译为:……比如,肌血流量增加到原来的 25倍。 increase N times结构变体还有:double, triple, quadruple,同理分别译为:增加1倍,增加2倍,增加3倍。请看例句: The aircraft industry in 1938 had an output valued at about$125,000,000.卫些红u re was nearly doubled in 1939. 可译为:......1939年,这一数字将近增加了1倍。或:1939年,这一数字将近翻了一番。或:......1939年,这一数字将近增加到原来的2倍。 第二种结构是increase to N times,在increase和N times之间多了一个介词t00 这种结构和中文思维相同,产生误解的概率不高。它表示的是:“增加到以前的N 倍”。
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